Reactor for producing pharmaceutical particles in a precipitation process

ABSTRACT

Reactors, reactor systems and methods for producing particles in a precipitation process are provided. The reactor includes a housing defining a reaction chamber, a stator assembly including two or more stators, a rotor assembly including two or more rotors, the rotor assembly configured for rotation about an axis of rotation relative to the stator assembly, a first inlet to supply a first reactant material to the reaction chamber at a first radial location, a second inlet to supply a second reactant material to the reaction chamber at a second radial location different from the first radial location, wherein the first and second reactant materials react to produce precipitation of particles in the reaction chamber, and an outlet to supply the particles formed in the reaction chamber.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/936,463, filed Jul. 8, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/917,611, filed Nov. 2, 2010, which claimspriority to Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/257,311, filed Nov. 2,2009, and Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/384,662, filed Sep. 20,2010, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to reactors, reactor systems and methods forproducing pharmaceutical particles in a precipitation process during themanufacturing of a drug product. In some embodiments, the reactors,reactor systems and methods are utilized in a process for manufacturingpharmaceutical products for pulmonary delivery.

BACKGROUND

U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,497, issued Jun. 6, 2000 to Steiner et al.,describes methods to manufacture microparticles of a diketopiperazinethat involves a precipitation of the microparticles. The methoddescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,497, however, is a process in which adrug is incorporated in the microparticles as they form. Alternatively,U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,226 discloses a method for making a formulationusing preformed diketopiperazine microparticles by forming a complex ofthe microparticles with an active agent. Such microparticle suspensionscan be further processed to produce dry powder that can be administeredto a patient by inhalation for therapeutic purposes. In all of thedescribed methods, precipitation reactions involving diketopiperizineare extremely fast, with a reaction half-time in the order of 0.5second, and the precipitated suspension is a non-Newtonian fluid.

A precipitation process is typically used to produce small particles, asthe crystal formation in the precipitation takes place very rapidly.Conditions used during the precipitation process define the particlesize and the structure of the particles. The process involves bringingdissolved solid mixtures to supersaturation while mixing. The mixingrate and level of supersaturation play an important role in particlesize formation. Prior art mixing apparatus includes impinging jetmixers, high pressure homogenizers and static mixing followed by spraydrying. None of these devices can be used in a continuous process, ifthe precipitation process is extremely fast and the resulting suspensionis a non-Newtonian fluid. The non-Newtonian nature of the fluid causesprecipitated particles to stick to the wall of the precipitation deviceif velocity gradients are small in the exit stream. Thus, clogging ofthe mixing apparatus can occur.

Accordingly, there is a need for improved reactors, reactor systems andmethods for producing particles in a continuous precipitation process.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides reactors, reactor systems and methods forproducing pharmaceutical particles in a precipitation process during themanufacturing of a drug product. The invention is particularly usefulfor precipitation reactions that occur in a very short time and maycause clogging of a reactor. The invention involves supplying a firstreactant material and a second reactant material to the reaction chamberat first and second inlets, respectively. The second inlet may bedownstream of the first inlet in the reaction chamber. The firstreactant material is increased in speed and is reduced to small dropletsand then reacts with the second reactant material downstream of thesecond inlet to provide at an outlet of the reaction chamber particlesformed by reaction of first and second reactant materials.

According to a first aspect of the invention, a reactor is provided forproducing particles in a precipitation process. The reactor comprises ahousing defining a reaction chamber; a stator assembly including two ormore stators in the reaction chamber; a rotor assembly including two ormore rotors in the reaction chamber, the rotor assembly configured forrotation about an axis of rotation relative to the stator assembly; afirst inlet to supply a first reactant material to the reaction chamberat a first radial location; a second inlet to supply a second reactantmaterial to the reaction chamber at a second radial location differentfrom the first radial location, wherein the first and second reactantmaterials react to produce precipitation of particles in the reactionchamber; and an outlet to supply the particles formed in the reactionchamber.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a reactor is provided forproducing particles in a precipitation process. The reactor comprises ahousing enclosing a reaction chamber; a stator assembly including atleast a first stator and a second stator in the reaction chamber; arotor assembly including at least a first rotor, second rotor and athird rotor in the reaction chamber; a first inlet to supply a firstreactant material to the reaction chamber upstream of the first rotor; asecond inlet to supply a second reactant material to the reactionchamber in a region of the second stator; and an outlet to provideparticles formed by reaction of the first and second reactant materials,wherein the first reactant material is increased in speed by the firstrotor and is reduced to small droplets by the first stator and thesecond rotor, and wherein the first reactant material reacts with thesecond reactant material downstream of the second inlet.

According to a third aspect of the invention, a reactor system isprovided for producing particles in a precipitation process. The reactorsystem comprises a reactor including a housing enclosing a reactionchamber, a stator assembly including at least a first stator and asecond stator in the reaction chamber, a rotor assembly including atleast a first rotor, a second rotor and a third rotor in the reactionchamber, a first inlet coupled to the reaction chamber upstream of thefirst rotor, a second inlet coupled to the reaction chamber in a regionof the second stator, and an outlet of the reaction chamber; a drivemechanism configured to rotate the rotor assembly relative to the statorassembly in the reaction chamber; a first source configured to supply afirst reactant material to the first inlet of the reactor; and a secondsource configured to supply a second reactant material to the secondinlet of the reactor, wherein the first reactant material is increasedin speed by the first rotor and is reduced to small droplets by thefirst stator and the second rotor, and wherein the first reactantmaterial reacts with the second reactant material downstream of thesecond inlet to provide, at the outlet of the reaction chamber,particles formed by reaction of the first and second reactant materials.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a method is provided forproducing particles in a precipitation process. The method comprisesproviding a reactor having a reaction chamber and including a statorassembly including at least a first stator and a second stator in thereaction chamber and a rotor assembly including at least a first rotor,a second rotor and a third rotor in the reaction chamber; rotating therotor assembly relative to the stator assembly in the reaction chamber;supplying a first reactant material to the reaction chamber upstream ofthe first rotor; and supplying a second reactant material to thereaction chamber in a region of the second stator, wherein the firstreactant material is increased in speed by the first rotor and isreduced to small droplets by the first stator and the second rotor,wherein the first reactant material reacts with the second reactantmaterial downstream of the second inlet to provide at an outlet of thereaction chamber particles formed by reaction of the first and secondreactant materials.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, a method is provided forproducing particles in a precipitation process. The method comprisesproviding a reactor having a reaction chamber and including a statorassembly having two or more stators and a rotor assembly having two ormore rotors; rotating the rotor assembly about an axis of rotationrelative to the stator assembly; supplying a first reactant material tothe reaction chamber at a first radial location; and supplying a secondreactant material to the reaction chamber at a second radial locationdifferent from the first radial location, wherein the first and secondreactant materials react to produce precipitation of particles in thereaction chamber.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is madeto the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by referenceand in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a reactor system in accordancewith embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a simplified cross-sectional diagram of a reactor inaccordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a rotor assembly used in a reactor inaccordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of a stator assemblyused in a reactor in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic view of the statorassembly of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic view of the reactorsystem, taken along the line 6-6 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of a stator assemblyused in a reactor system in accordance with embodiments of theinvention;

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic view of the statorassembly of FIG. 7; and

FIG. 8A is a fragmentary cross-sectional schematic view of the secondstator of FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A schematic block diagram of a reactor system in accordance withembodiments of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Major components of thereactor system include a reactor 10 having a first inlet 12, a secondinlet 14 and an outlet 20. A drive motor 22 is coupled to a rotorassembly of reactor 10. A first source 30 of a first reactant materialis coupled to first inlet 12, and a second source 32 of a secondreactant material is coupled to second inlet 14. As described below,second inlet 14 includes multiple individual openings into a reactionchamber in reactor 10. Outlet 20 is coupled to a process vessel 34.

As further shown in FIG. 1, first source 30 includes a process holdvessel 40 coupled through a pump 42, a valve 44, and a flow meter 46 tofirst inlet 12 of reactor 10. A pressure gauge 48 is connected to firstinlet 12. Second source 32 includes a process hold vessel 50 coupledthrough a pump 52, a valve 54 and a flow meter 56 to second inlet 14 ofreactor 10. A pressure gauge 58 is connected to second inlet 14.Associated with reactor 10 are a pump 70, a seal system tank 72, a heatexchanger 74, a back pressure valve 76, a pressure gauge 78, a pressureswitch 80 and a flow switch 82.

An embodiment of the reactor 10 is shown in FIGS. 2-6. The reactor 10may be a modification of a commercially available high shear mixer, suchas a Cavitron reactor system available from Arde Barinco, Inc. In onespecific embodiment, reactor 10 is a modification of a Model 1025Cavitron reactor system from Arde Barinco, Inc. In the commerciallyavailable reactor system, all reactant materials are supplied to thereactor along the axis of rotation, upstream of the stator assembly andthe rotor assembly.

Reactor 10 includes a reactor housing 100 which defines a reactionchamber 110. Reactor 10 further includes a rotor assembly 120, as bestshown in FIG. 3, and a stator assembly 130, as best shown in FIG. 4.Rotor assembly 120 is configured for rotation about an axis of rotation132 shown in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, rotor assembly 120 includes a first rotor140, a second rotor 142, a third rotor 144 and a fourth rotor 146. Thefirst rotor 140 includes an arrangement of generally spiral vanes 148.The second rotor 142, the third rotor 144 and the fourth rotor 146 eachinclude a plurality of spaced-apart teeth 150 arranged in a circularpattern concentric with axis of rotation 132. The first rotor 140, thesecond rotor 142, the third rotor 144 and the fourth rotor 146 havesuccessively larger diameters, and the circular patterns of teeth 150are spaced apart in a radial direction.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, in a first embodiment, stator assembly 130includes a first stator 152, a second stator 154 and a third stator 156,each secured to housing 100. Each stator includes a plurality of spacedapart teeth 158 arranged in a circular pattern concentric with axis ofrotation 132. The teeth 158 of each stator may be secured to aring-shaped base 159. The first stator 152, the second stator 154 andthe third stator 156 have successively larger diameters, and thecircular patterns of teeth 158 are spaced apart in a radial direction.

When the stator assembly 130 and the rotor assembly 120 are sealedtogether, the stators and the rotors intermesh so that the first stator152 is positioned between the first rotor 140 and the second rotor 142;the second stator 154 is positioned between the second rotor 142 and thethird rotor 144; and the third stator 156 is positioned between thethird rotor 144 and the fourth rotor 146. Rotor assembly 120 is coupledto drive motor 22 (FIG. 1) for rotation of the rotor assembly 120 duringoperation.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 4, first inlet 12 of reactor 10 suppliesthe first reactant material from first source 30 through an opening 160to the center of the reaction chamber 110 along axis of rotation 132.Thus, the first reactant material is supplied through first inlet 12upstream of first rotor 140.

Second inlet 14 of reactor 10 supplies the second reactant material fromsecond source 32 to reaction chamber 110 through a plurality of openings170 in second stator 154. The openings 170 are located radially inwardlyof the teeth 158 of second stator 154 and pass through base 159 ofsecond stator 154. In some embodiments, second inlet 14 may be in fluidcommunication with four openings 170 in second stator 154. The fouropenings 170 may be equally spaced from axis of rotation 132 and may bespaced apart by 90° around the circumference of second stator 154. Inone example, openings 170 have diameters of ⅛ inch and are located closeto the teeth 158 of second stator 154. It is preferred that openings 170be located in radial alignment with teeth 158 of second stator 154rather than in alignment with spaces between teeth 158. It will beunderstood that different sizes, positions and numbers of openings 170may be utilized within the scope of the invention, based on therequirements of a particular process.

The arrangement of first inlet 12 and second inlet 14 permits the firstreactant material supplied through first inlet 12 to be accelerated invelocity and broken down into small droplets before reacting with thesecond reactant material in the reaction chamber 110. In particular, thefirst rotor 140 increases the speed of the first reactant materialsupplied to the reaction chamber 110 through first inlet 112. The firststator 152 and the second rotor 142 convert the first reactant materialinto small eddies, droplets or globules. The second stator 154 and thethird rotor 144 enable reaction of the second reactant material suppliedthrough openings 170 with the first reactant material, which has beenincreased in speed and converted to small droplets as described above.The reaction produces rapid precipitation of particles in the region ofthe second stator 154 and the third rotor 144. The third stator 156 andthe fourth rotor 146 function to reduce the sizes of relatively largeaggregates or agglomerates of particles and produce small diameter,relatively uniform size particles which are supplied through outlet 20of reactor 10. The reactant materials pass through reaction chamber 110by passing through the spaces between teeth 150 in second rotor 142,third rotor 144 and fourth rotor 146, and through the spaces betweenteeth 158 in first stator 152, second stator 154 and third stator 156.The precipitation of particles proceeds continuously without clogging.

A stator assembly 200 in accordance with a second embodiment of theinvention is shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 8A. Stator assembly 200 includes afirst stator 210, a second stator 212 and a third stator 214, eachsecured to housing 100. Each stator may have a circular configuration,including a base 220 and a ring 222 supported by base 220. Each ring 222includes a plurality of radial nozzles 230 for passing the reactantmaterials. The nozzles 230 are multiple holes sized to pass the reactantmaterials. The first stator 210, the second stator 212 and the thirdstator 214 have successively larger diameters, and the rings 222 of thethree stators are spaced apart in a radial direction.

The rotor assembly 120 shown in FIG. 3 and described above may beutilized with stator assembly 200. When the stator assembly 200 and therotor assembly 120 are sealed together, the stators and the rotorsintermesh so that the first stator 210 is positioned between the firstrotor 140 and the second rotor 142; the second stator 212 is positionedbetween the second rotor 142 and the third rotor 144; and the thirdstator 214 is positioned between the third rotor 144 and the fourthrotor 146.

Second inlet 14 of the reactor supplies the second reactant materialfrom second source 32 to reaction chamber 110 through a plurality ofopenings 240 in second stator 212. As best shown in FIG. 8A, theopenings 240 are located radially inwardly of the ring 222 of secondstator 212 and pass through base 220. In some embodiments, second inlet14 may be in fluid communication with sixteen openings 240 in secondstator 212. The sixteen openings 240 may be equally spaced from axis ofrotation 132 and may be equally spaced apart around the circumference ofsecond stator 212. In other embodiments, four or eight openings 240 maybe provided in second stator 212. Openings 240 may have diameters in arange of about 1/16 inch to ⅛ inch. It will be understood that differentsizes, positions and numbers of openings 240 may be utilized within thescope of the invention, based on the requirements of a particularprocess.

The stator assembly 200 shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 8A may operate similarlyto the stator assembly 130 described above. The reactant materials passthrough the reaction chamber 110 by passing through the spaces betweenteeth 150 in second rotor 142, third rotor 144 and fourth rotor 146, andthrough the nozzles 230 in first stator 210, second stator 212 and thirdstator 214. The stator assembly 200 using a configuration of concentricrings provided with nozzles may achieve smaller size particles than thestator assembly 130. Again, the precipitation of particles proceedscontinuously without clogging.

Operating parameters that affect the performance of the reactor include,for example, reactor gap settings, pressure of the streams entering thereactor, temperature of the streams entering the reactor, mass flow rateof streams entering the reactor, rotating speed of the rotor assembly,and residence time in the reactor. Furthermore, rotor and statorparameters, such as the number of teeth in the rotors and stators andthe gaps between the teeth of the rotors and stators, affectperformance.

In a specific process, the reactor system is used to manufacturemicroparticles of a diketopiperizine for pharmaceutical applications. Inparticular embodiments, the diketopiperizine may be(bis-3,6-(N-fumaryl-4-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketo-diketopiperazine, alsoknown as fumaryl diketopiperizine (FDKP). In particular, themicroparticles are processed to produce a dry powder that can beadministered to a patient by inhalation for therapeutic purposes. Inthis process, the first reactant material, supplied through first inlet12 from first source 30, is an acid such as acetic acid with or withouta surfactant; such as polysorbate 80 in a concentration of from about0.01% to about 5% (v/v). The second reactant material, supplied throughsecond inlet 14 from second source 32, is an FDKP solution, optionallycontaining a surfactant of from about 0.01% to about 5% (v/v) in thesolution. The reactor 10 produces microparticles, known as TECHNOSPHERE®microparticles. In certain embodiments, the reaction can take placewithout containing surfactant.

In one embodiment, the process of making the particles includes: (1) anFDKP solution including liquid-like globules, contacts an acetic acidsolution in a micro level, (2) a basic FDKP solution reacts with theacetic acid, (3) the reaction forces the FDKP molecules to precipitateout of the solution, and (4) the FDKP molecules combine with each otherand form TECHNOSPHERE particles. In order to make small particles of therequired particle size requires very small globules of the FDKP andbasic solutions which results in very efficient mixing, and fasterprecipitation of FDKP molecules. The faster the molecules form, the moreFDKP molecule sites are available to attach to. Thus, large numbers ofsmall TECHNOSPHERE particles form in the region of second stator 154 andthird rotor 144. Third stator 156 and fourth rotor 146 function as ashearing device which breaks down larger TECHNOSPHERE particles formedin the process. As a result very uniform particle size distribution isobtained.

A process for large scale manufacturing of FDKP microparticles, greaterthan 500 grams, for use in a dry powder formulation for pulmonarydelivery is now described. The process uses a reactor for facilitatingthe mixing of solutions so that microparticles precipitate out ofsolution forming an FDKP suspension upon providing a high intensitymicromixing environment. The process comprises: preparing a firstsolution comprising an acid such hydrochloric acid and glacial aceticacid in a vessel having about at least 10 liter capacity; preparing asecond solution comprising diketopiperazine in a base such as ammoniumhydroxide or sodium hydroxide at a pH greater than about 10; feeding,for example, by pumping the first solution and the second solution at apredetermined flow rate and temperature to a reactor so that the firstsolution and the second solution collide at an entrance of the reactor;wherein the microparticles form by high energy dissipation within thereactor. The process can further comprise feeding a third solution or afourth solution, including deionized water into the reactor which isutilized for washing and removing the unreacted components of the firstand second solutions to yield a substantially pure composition ofmicroparticles in a suspension. The process is a continuous process andthe microparticles in suspension are collected in a third vesseldownstream from the reactor. Microparticles formed using the instantprocess can have a median aerodynamic diameter of approximately 2-2.5μm, high internal porosity, and a large surface that can be used for theadsorption of peptides, proteins or other drugs or active ingredients.The instant process can be controlled to generate larger particle sizesdepending on their use by adjusting the reaction conditions such as thespeed of the reaction and flow rates of the solutions. For example, fornasal delivery, particle sizes greater than 10 μm or greater than 20 μmcan be made.

In one embodiment, A process for manufacturing diketopiperazinemicroparticles, comprising: preparing a first solution comprising anacid in a vessel having about at least 10 liter capacity; preparing asecond solution comprising a diketopiperazine dissolved in a solutionhaving a pH greater than about 10; pumping the first solution and thesecond solution at a predetermined flow rate and temperature into a highshear mixer or reactor so that the first solution and the secondsolution collide inside the reactor to form a precipitate; mixing thefirst solution and the second solution at flow rate to yield an acid tobase ratio of about 0.8 to about 1.2.

As used herein, the term “microparticle” refers to a particle with adiameter of about 0.5 to about 1000 μm, irrespective of the preciseexterior or interior structure. Microparticles having a diameter ofbetween about 0.5 and about 10 microns can reach the lungs, successfullypassing most of the natural barriers. A diameter of less than about 10microns is required to navigate the turn of the throat and a diameter ofabout 0.5 microns or greater is required to avoid being exhaled. Toreach the deep lung (or alveolar region) where most efficient absorptionis believed to occur, it is preferred to maximize the proportion ofparticles contained in the “respirable fraction” (RF), generallyaccepted to be about 0.5 to about 5.7 microns, though some referencesuse somewhat different ranges.

As used herein, the term “dry powder” refers to a fine particulatecomposition that is not suspended or dissolved in a propellant, carrier,or other liquid. It is not meant to necessarily imply a complete absenceof all water molecules.

As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a valueincludes the standard deviation of the measurement for the device ormethod being employed to determine the value.

Diketopiperazines

One class of drug delivery agents that has been used to overcomeproblems in the pharmaceutical arts such as drug instability and/or poorabsorption are the 2,5-diketopiperazines. 2,5-Diketopiperazines arerepresented by the compound of the general Formula 1 as shown belowwherein E₁ and E₂ are independently N or more particularly NH. In otherembodiments, E₁ and/or E₂ are independently an oxygen or a nitrogen sothat wherein either one of the substituents for E₁ and E₂ is an oxygenand the other is a nitrogen the formula yields the substitution analogdiketomorpholine, or when both E₁ and E₂ are oxygen the formula yieldsthe substitution analog diketodioxane.

These 2,5 diketopiperazines have been shown to be useful in drugdelivery, particularly those bearing acidic R₁ and R₂ groups asdescribed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,461 entitled “SelfAssembling Diketopiperazine Drug Delivery System;” U.S. Pat. No.5,503,852 entitled “Method For Making Self-Assembling DiketopiperazineDrug Delivery System;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,497 entitled “MicroparticlesFor Lung Delivery Comprising Diketopiperazine;” and U.S. Pat. No.6,331,318 entitled “Carbon-Substituted Diketopiperazine DeliverySystem,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety for all that it teaches regarding diketopiperazines anddiketopiperazine-mediated drug delivery. Diketopiperazines can be formedinto microparticles that incorporate a drug or microparticles onto whicha drug can be adsorbed. The combination of a drug and a diketopiperazinecan impart improved drug stability and/or absorption characteristics.These microparticles can be administered by various routes ofadministration. As dry powders these microparticles can be delivered byinhalation to specific areas of the respiratory system, including thelungs.

Methods for synthesizing diketopiperazines are described in, forexample, Katchalski, et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 68, 879-880 (1946) andKopple, et al., J. Org. Chem. 33(2), 862-864 (1968), the teachings ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.2,5-Diketo-3,6-di(aminobutyl)piperazine (Katchalski et al. refer to thisas lysine anhydride) can also be prepared via cyclodimerization ofN-ε-P-L-lysine in molten phenol, similar to the Kopple method, followedby removal of the blocking (P)-groups with an appropriate reagent andconditions. For example, CBz-protecting groups can be removed using 4.3M HBr in acetic acid. This route can be preferred because it uses acommercially available starting material, it involves reactionconditions that are reported to preserve stereochemistry of the startingmaterials in the product and all steps can be easily scaled up formanufacture. Methods for synthesizing diketopiperazines are alsodescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,709,639, entitled, “Catalysis ofDiketopiperazine Synthesis,” which is also incorporated by referenceherein for its teachings regarding the same.

Fumaryl diketopiperazine(bis-3,6-(N-fumaryl-4-aminobutyl)-2,5-diketo-diketopiperazine; FDKP) isone preferred diketopiperazine for pulmonary applications:

FDKP provides a beneficial microparticle matrix because it has lowsolubility in acid but is readily soluble at neutral or basic pH. Theseproperties allow FDKP to crystallize and the crystals to self-assembleinto form microparticles under acidic conditions. The particles dissolvereadily under physiological conditions where the pH is neutral. Asnoted, microparticles having a diameter of between about 0.5 and about10 microns can reach the lungs, successfully passing most of the naturalbarriers. Particles in this size range can be readily prepared fromFDKP.

In one embodiment, the process comprises mixing an acidic solution witha basic solution containing a predetermined amount of dissolved FDKPsolute using a high shear or high intensity mixer or homogenizer asdescribed herein. In this setup, the homogenizer is provided with atleast two inlet ports, one, the first inlet port which is connected to afirst vessel for providing a first solution such as the acid, includingglacial acetic acid or hydrochloric acid contained from the firstvessel; a second inlet port connected to a second vessel containing andfor providing the FDKP solution in a base. The solutions can be fedthrough the ports each at a predetermined flow rate so that they aremixed in the high shear mixer to precipitate the FDKP microparticles outof solution forming a suspension. In certain embodiments, the solutionscan be fed into the reactor at a flow rate of about 10 kg/min to about100 kg/min, or from about 15 kg/min to about 35 kg/min. The process formaking FDKP microparticles is a continuous process so that thesuspension flows out of the reactor through an outlet port and into athird vessel for further processing such as further washing of thesuspension prior to the adsorption step of an active agent. In certainembodiments, the pressure at which the reaction can be carried out canrange from about 15 psig to about 2,000 psig depending on the high shearmixer used. In one embodiment, the pressure at which the reaction can becarried out can range from about 35 psig to about 110 psig.

In certain embodiments, the process for making FDKP microparticles isaccomplished by changing the parameters associated with supersaturationand temperature of crystallization, for example, using equipmentspecific parameters related to hydrodynamics of the precipitation devicewhich must remain constant. In some embodiments, the degree ofsupersaturation can be changed by varying the mixing ratio of the acidand base feed solutions in the reactor or homogenizer, and thecrystallization temperature can be changed by varying feed solutiontemperature. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature of the reactioncan range from about 10° C. to about 30° C.; from about 13° C. to about27° C., or from about 15° C. to about 20° C.

In an exemplary embodiment, the FDKP solution is a basic solution havinga pH greater than pH 10. Suitable bases for use in the basic solutioncan be ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and thelike. In this and other embodiment, the acidic solution comprisesglacial acetic acid in an amount varying from about 1% to about 4%(w/w). Other acids can be used in the reaction, for example,hydrochloric acid. In particular embodiments, the acid to base ratio ofthe reaction can vary from about 0.8 to about 1.2 (w/w) or from about0.95 to about 1.05. The manufacturing process for making FDKPmicroparticles can vary depending in amount of the starting materialsstored in the vessels. For example, vessel 1 and vessel 2 can vary insize and can be loaded with, for example, from about 10 L to about10,000 L of solution or higher depending on the manufacturing needs.

Microparticles made by the present manufacturing process under theparameters outlined above are suitable for use with a variety of activeagents including, but not limited to peptides such as endocrinehormones, including insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1,proteins, nucleic acids, and the like. The microparticles so producedare in particular suitable for use with active agents that can bedelivered by way of the lungs or by pulmonary delivery, and for oralinhalation with dry powder inhalation systems.

The preceding disclosures are illustrative embodiments. It should beappreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosedherein elucidate representative techniques that function well in thepractice of the present disclosure. However, those of skill in the artshould, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changescan be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and stillobtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understoodas being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly,unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe specification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresent invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameterssetting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, thenumerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported asprecisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently containscertain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation foundin their respective testing measurements.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context ofdescribing the invention (especially in the context of the followingclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, eachindividual value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein isintended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose alimitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No languagein the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimedelement essential to the practice of the invention.

Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in theclaims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language.When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, thetransition term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, oringredient not specified in the claims. The transition term “consistingessentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materialsor steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novelcharacteristic(s). Embodiments of the invention so claimed areinherently or expressly described and enabled herein.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each groupmember may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combinationwith other members of the group or other elements found herein. It isanticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, ordeleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability.When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemedto contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written descriptionof all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Ofcourse, variations on these described embodiments will become apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoingdescription. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ suchvariations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention tobe practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly,this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printedpublications throughout this specification. Each of the above-citedreferences and printed publications are individually incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

It is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosedherein are illustrative of the principles of the present invention.Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of theinvention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternativeconfigurations of the present invention may be utilized in accordancewith the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present invention is notlimited to that precisely as shown and described.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A reactor for producing particles in aprecipitation process, comprising: a housing defining a reactionchamber; a stator assembly including a first stator and a second statorin the reaction chamber; a rotor assembly including two or more rotorsin the reaction chamber, the rotor assembly configured for rotationabout an axis of rotation relative to the stator assembly; a first inletto supply a first reactant material to the reaction chamber at a firstradial location; a second inlet to supply a second reactant material tothe reaction chamber at a second radial location different from thefirst radial location, wherein the first and second reactant materialsreact to produce precipitation of particles in the reaction chamber; andan outlet to supply the particles formed in the reaction chamber,wherein each of the first stator and the second stator includes aplurality of circumferentially spaced teeth, wherein the second inletincludes openings in the stator assembly, wherein the openings arelocated radially inwardly of and in radial alignment with respectiveteeth of the second stator and wherein the openings are in radialalignment with respective gaps between teeth of the first stator.
 2. Areactor as defined in claim 1, wherein the rotor assembly includes atleast a first rotor, a second rotor and a third rotor, wherein the firstinlet is positioned to supply the first reactant material to thereaction chamber upstream of the first rotor, and wherein the secondinlet is positioned to supply the second reactant material to thereaction chamber in a region of the second stator.
 3. A reactor asdefined in claim 2, wherein the stator assembly further includes a thirdstator and the rotor assembly further includes a fourth rotor, andwherein the third stator and the fourth rotor reduce the sizes ofparticles formed by reaction of the first and second reactant materials.4. A reactor as defined in claim 1, wherein the second inlet comprises aplurality of openings in communication with the reaction chamber, theopenings spaced from an axis of the rotor assembly.
 5. A reactor asdefined in claim 1, wherein the second inlet comprises four openings,the four openings being equally spaced from an axis of rotation andspaced apart by 90° around said one stator.
 6. A reactor system forproducing particles in a precipitation process, comprising: a reactorincluding a housing enclosing a reaction chamber, a stator assemblyincluding at least a first stator and a second stator in the reactionchamber, a rotor assembly including at least a first rotor, a secondrotor and a third rotor in the reaction chamber, a first inlet coupledto the reaction chamber upstream of the first rotor, a second inletcoupled to the reaction chamber in a region of the second stator, and anoutlet of the reaction chamber; a drive mechanism configured to rotatethe rotor assembly relative to the stator assembly in the reactionchamber; a first source configured to supply a first reactant materialto the first inlet of the reactor; and a second source configured tosupply a second reactant material to the second inlet of the reactor,wherein the first reactant material is increased in speed by the firstrotor and is reduced to small droplets by the first stator and thesecond rotor, wherein the first reactant material reacts with the secondreactant material downstream of the second inlet to provide, at theoutlet of the reaction chamber, particles formed by reaction of thefirst and second reactant materials, wherein each of the first statorand the second stator includes a plurality of circumferentially spacedteeth, wherein the second inlet includes openings in the statorassembly, wherein the openings are located radially inwardly of and inradial alignment with respective teeth of the second stator and whereinthe openings are in radial alignment with respective gaps between teethof the first stator.
 7. A reactor system as defined in claim 6, whereinthe first source includes a first process hold vessel coupled through afirst pump to the first inlet of the reactor.
 8. A reactor system asdefined in claim 7, wherein the second source includes a second processhold vessel coupled through a second pump to the second inlet of thereactor.